The tropical rainforest is one of the most complicated ecosystems on the Earth, because there is big diverse of species of flora and Fauna- with a delicate relationship between them, one of the biggest region begin in South America, Peru has 60% of the territory cover with vegetation that represent most pristine section of the extreme western Amazon, and most this areas are virgin and explored.

This verdent Amazon basin make particularly fertile, holding over 70% of living species on the planet. many of which are not found anywhere else, because this great array of wildlife. Experts agree that by leaving the rainforests intact and harvesting it's many nuts, fruits, oil-producing plants, and medicinal plants, artesanian, scientific research stations, eco-tourism in the rainforest has more economic value than if they were cut down to make grazing land for cattle or for timber, gold mainers, 

We want be parner with the local or international organizations than help to protect and preserve the new areas of rainforest in Peru. however the rainforest of Peru has less impact of desforestation in South America with adequate protection will help to save this integrate part of our planet.
 
 

Manu National Park 

The Manu National Park is located on the eastern slopes of he Andes Mountains It starts high up in the Andes mountains, 4,000m (Cerro Huascar) and goes down through precipitous cloud forest mountains into the enormous lowland rainforest of the Amazon 365m (Manu River mouth) the park protects  almost the entire watershed of the Manu river and most of the tributaries of the Alto Madre de Dios. The park is one of the largest protected areas of the rainforest on the Earth, give a total area 1,881,200 hectares or about the size Cunnaticut in United States.

Manu National Park was established May 29 1973 by Supreme Decree No. 644-73-AG exploitation wood, agriculture and hunting were banished, later Manu's importance was realized Internationally. In 1977 UNESCO declared "Manu Biosphere Reserve," Ten years later, 1987, the international Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) declared Manu a "World Heritage Site" one of the only about 200 representatives of important ecosystem on Earth.

The variation of altitude in the Park makes possible the existence of an impressive diversity of plants, the park has more bird species that any other rainforest, around Cocha Cashu station have been counted more that 550 species of birds, estimating more that 1000 in the whole area. The Park also holds 200 species of mammals including 100 species of Bats, 13 types of monkeys, including the smallest monkey Pygmy marmoset (cebuella pygmaea ) and the only nocturnal monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) in the World. the studies inform there are between 12 to 15 thousand species of flowering plants.

In the park is easy to see species in extinction, like Jaguars, (pantera onca) Sloth, Giant Otter, (pantera onca) Black Caimans, the Giant Anteaters (Mymecophaga tridactyla) they still living an untroubled existence, these animals  has a little fear of man because has been without hunting for decades and give a chance to see them close. 

The area has a wide range of climates, from the cold, dry Andes to the hot, humid Amazon forests. There are however, no long-term records of rainfall or temperature in the park. There is a slight variation of air temperature during the year. The coldest month is June with an average temperature of 11.1° C the hottest month is October with 25.4° C.
 
 

Manu Cloud Forest

The cloud Forest is located in eastern slopes of the Andes Mountain  at the altitude from 6,500 to 11,500 feet. The cloud forest  are mountain forest covered by an existing vegetation immersed in clouds much of the time, when this happen, the relative humidity is 100% making cloud forest exceedingly wet place, large amount of water deposited directly onto vegetation, the temperature are usually cool although they never reach as low as the freezing point, the rainfall is often heavy and persistent conditions the persistent clouds affect the vegetation by reducing sunlight, wetting tree canopies, and suppressing. leaves and branches draw cloud moisture, which drips to the ground and adds water to the hydrological system. Cloud forests protect watersheds by maintaining ground cover, minimizing soil erosion, and providing a regular and controlled supply of water to communities downstream. Cloud forest soil is wet and often waterlogged, with humus and peat that make it highly organic. The forests have a profusion of epiphytes, including lichens and filmy ferns. They are exceptionally important habitats for endemic and other threatened species of flora and fauna.

The trees in the cloud forest are typically shore and brooked, every square inch of their trunks and branches covered with mosses, climbing ferns, (Cyatheaceae)   lichens, and air plants(epiphytes)  such are orchids (Orchidaceae). more than a thousand species of orchids have been found in the cloud forests of Peru alone. most of the species in cloud forests are believed to be still unknown to science. 

Also the cloud forests serve as refuges for endangered species, which are being 
marginalized by the transformation and destruction of ecosystems at lower elevations, the large numbers of bird species and mammals, such as the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) and howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.), woolly monkey, gray Puma, the Andean Cook-of-the-Rock (rupicola peruviana) Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) are dependent on cloud forest habitat for their survival. 
 
 
 

Bahuaja Sonene National Park 

Was establish in July 17, 1996 through Law (D.S.) N 012-96-AG. The area of Tambopata Candamo was created after it with the participation of the population of Madre de Dios and Puno. 

This National Park is located in the departments of Madre de Dios and Puno provinces of Tambopata and Sandia respectively. It has a surface of 537,053.25 hectares corresponding to the National Sanctuary of Pampas del Heath, has a borderline with the 

the national park is located departments of Madre de Dios and Puno provinces of Tambopata and Sandia respectively. It has a surface of 537,053.25 hectares corresponding to the National Sanctuary of Pampas del Heath, has a borderline with the national park of mididi in Bolivia we can several animals in danger of extinction like the giant outter and the river wolf (Pteronura brasiliense), the wild dog (Speothos venaticus), the black alligator (Melanosuchus niger), the aguila harpía (Harpya harpija

In the river heath we can find the famous collpas of guacamayos -macaws- and other animals.the main porpuse of this park is the conservation of the environment and the protection of the wild flora and fauna of the park.
 
 

Yanachaga Chimillen National Park

On August 29, 1986, through Law (D.S.) N 068-86-AG.
This National Park is situated in the department of Pasco, province Oxampampa, districts of Oxapampa, Villarica, Huancabamba and Pouzo on a chain of mountains to the east of the Andes. It has a surface of 122,000 hectares.

One of its main attractive is the innumerable amount of mosses, brackens, archids, cans, bushes it has. We con also find the ulcumano (Podocarpus rospigliossi and Podocarpus glomeratus), the Diablo fuerte tree (Podocarpus oleifolrus and Podocarpus utilior), cedar (Cedrela lilloi and Cedrela mountain), walnut tree (Juglans neotropica), oak tree (Lauraceas) among others.

There are also palm trees of different types. The wild fauna is represented by 59 species of mammals; for example: the river wolf (Pteronura brasiliensis), the jaguar (Panthera onca), the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), the small deer (Pudu mephistopliles), the machetero (Dinomys branickii), all of then in danger of extinction. We con also find 427 species of birds, as: aguila harpía -eagle- (Harpya harpija), the Gallito de las rocas (Rupicola peruviana), the relojero (Momotus momota), the quetzal (Pharomachrus sp.) and the tucanetas among others. There are 16 species of reptiles for example: the jergon (Bothrops sp.), the shushupe (Lachesis muta) and the naka naka (Micrurus sp.). In its rivers we count on 31 species of fishes such as corvina (Plagiosion auratus), boquichico (Prochilodus nigricans) and the Lisa (Schizodon fasciatus). About population there are 60 native villages.

There has been found different archaeological sites from the Inca and Yanesha cultures. The purpose of this Park is the conservation of the rivers Palcazú, Huancabamba and Pozuzo in order to keep the continous production of its valleys and the conservation of natural areas to protect the native's communities like yaneshas stabilized in the surroundings of the park.
 
 

Tingo Maria National Park

This park was established on May 14, 1965 through Law N.15574, it is located in the department of Huanuco, province of Leoncio Prado, district of Mariano Damaso Veraun. It has a surface of 18 000 hectares and is made up of a chain of mountains called La Bella Durmiente because its summits have the form of a sleeping lady in the city of Tingo María.

The main attractive of this park is the Cave of the Owls that it is the gapped complex underground system in La Bella Durmiente.

You can also visit Jacintillo (solphurous waters) and "La Quinceañera" (waterfalls). In this park there is a very rich wild fauna made up of 104 species, 9 fishes, 21 bathracion and reptiles, 39 birds and 36 mammals.
There are big snakes (boas and mantonas) and small snakes called naka nakas (Micrurus sp.). We can find guacharos (Steatornis caripensis); a nocturnal bird, which nests are inside the caves, Gallito de las rocas or tunqui (Rupícola peruviana); the Jungle Condor (Sarcoramphus papa) and the otero (Momotus momota). Mammals are found in the park as well, for example: sachavaca (Tapirus terrestris) the red deer (Mazamo americana), sajino (Tayassu Tajacu), wild cat (Leopardus pardalis) el frailecillo (Saimiri bolivienis) and the pichicho (Saguinus fuscicollis).

there 144 species of flowers 96 arbolreal 17 palms tree and 31 bushes. We can find the cedar (Cedrela sp.), the huasai (Euterpe precatoria) and the bolaina (Goazuma Crinita) as well as different wild archids. The goal is to protect the flora, fauna and beauty landscape where La Bella Durmiente is situated, the Cueva de las Lechuzas, Jacintillo and La Quinceañera (waterfalls).
 
 

Pantiacolla Mountain

The Pantiacolla reserve is located along the Alto Madre de Dios river on and altitude  of 450 meters level, on the cultural zone of the Manu park - this beautiful rain forest is nestles in Manu foothills and the base of Pantiacolla mountains, the 900 hectactareas of land around the lodge offer the enthusiastic explore miles of gridded trails to walk that traverse a variety of different habitats and also provide access to hot, cold and mineral oil spring. The forest in the area support eight species of monkey, included the nocturnal Monkey (night monkey) and the most elusive primate the saki Monkey, Coati, deer, peccary, and even tapir are frequently sightings and the area boasts a recorded 500+ species of birds. A short walk to recently discovered clay lick also enables visitors, to observe macaws and parakeets at close hands.
. It is an ideal rainforest destination for all types of jungle enthusiasts. For birders it offers an exceptionally high species density, for first time visitors it offers a comprehensive trail system and great wildlife watching opportunities, to learn Spanish you find yourself in a stimulating environment, and for families it offers an almost mosquito free environment in which both adults and children can discover the secrets of the tropical rainforest. Moreover, it is especially suited to those who would prefer a more relaxed and comfortable rainforest experience.

Birdwatching: When the Moscoso patriarch Don Isaac chose the land at the foot of the Pantiacolla Mountains as his home, he felt he had found a special piece of the rainforest: the Andean Bear roamed there, the monk saki, a type of monkey which is very rare and still unstudied by science, and many birds he observed for the first time in his long presence in Manu. Don Isaac´s intuition recently has been confirmed by entomologists and ornithologists assessing the habitats from 400 to over 1200 m above sea level. The entomologists have not yet finished their evaluation, however the ornithologists, within the first month, found an astonishing approximate of 500 species! Many of the species are endemic to the area, very rare or found at altitudes different from their normal range. Pantiacolla keeps constructing new trails, platforms and hides; the highest campsite now is at 1250 m and a recent 10-day census at this altitude has given the lodge 12 new species of bird.
 
 

Blanquillo Macaws Clay Lick

In the rainforest there is a few places that can be "La qollpa" or Clay Lick, it is one of the most expectant show  in the rainforest. Every morning early during the months of July through September hundred of parakeets, parrots, macaws came along the bank of Madre de Dios river to eat the rich clay -high concentrations of certain minerals, this soil attract birds and mammals. Because leaf and seeds often contain toxic chemicals. The clay neutralize the toxic in their digestive system, start sitting on the top of trees to see that the place is safe of predators,  ocelot, eagle often attack to them when they are eating the clay also it is a place to meeting for a partner,  Parrots and Macaws can only choose a partner one time for the rest of there life. 

In the morning this area is excitingly noisy and color.  red and green  macaws, blue headed parrots, and parakeets it is a unforgettable spectacle to see this meeting of Macaws and Parrots.
To the right side of Madre de Dios river is located one of the most expectant show in the Rainforest, "La Qollpa" or Clay Lick In the months of July to September, every day early in the morning hundred of parakeets, parrots, and macaws came along the bank of the river to eat the rich soil clay which has high concentration of minerals this soil attract this Birds because neutralized the toxic in their digestive system after eat leaf and seeds often contain toxic chemicals. They start the day sitting in the top of  the trees around the clay doing excitingly noisy and color. Red and Green macaws, blue headed parrot and Parakeets after a while checking  if there are not any predators around the place they start descending one by one to the bank clay of the river where usually spend 3 to 5 hr. giving a chance to meet a partner ( parrot and macaws can only choose a partner one time for a rest their life.

View monkeys and colorful canopy birds from a strategically located canopy platform atop a 120-foot high spiral staircase. From the Center's observation tower numerous canopy birds can be sighted such as Sclater's  Antwren, White-shouldered, Masked, and Paradise tanagers, and Green and Black-faced dacnis.
lowland deer, tapirs, monkeys, and the occasional Jaguar inhabit the forest trails. Caimans, piranhas, Giant 
Otters, and anacondas live in the rivers and lakes surrounding Manu Wildlife Center.
Visit the only accessible Macaw and Parrot Clay Lick in the Manu area just minutes from our lodge. Join 
naturalist guides aboard custom-built lake catamarans as we visit the world's most social, yet ferocious, otter, the 70-pound Giant Otter. 
 
 
 

Las Piedras River

Las Piedras River "the Ultimate experince rainforest, this nature region is located southestern of Peru on the state of Madre de Dios, with abudante wildlife and virgen vegetation protect the diversity of species in the rainfoprest and also help the develoment of the Indian communities of the area, the espeical ubication anincluding brown capuchins, saddle-backed tamarins, squirrel, howler or even spider monkeys. Huge groups of white-lipped peccaries will sometimes pass by the bungalow clearings. You may also hear the giant otters whining - a short walk to the lake jetty may surprise you with great views of them fishing or resting on a fallen trunk opposite. You might also spot hoatzins, green ibis, red capped cardinals, ringed kingfishers, rufrescent tiger-herons or black caimans. 

The  ARCC clearing is great for leisurely birdwatching - sightings might include large-billed woodcreepers, crimson-crested woodpeckers, cuviers toucans, white-bellied parrots, blue and yellow macaws, paradise tanagers, fork-tailed woodnymphs and rufous-breasted hermits (hummingbirds) to name but a few. 

At night one can often see night monkeys, armadillos, brocket deer or tree frogs. There are an incredible array of  nocturnal noises -from large crickets, the lake resonating with croaking frogs, the hooting of owls, the ‘coughing’ of the roosting hoatzins, the loud ‘belching’ of large caimans and even the occasional roaring of a jaguar can all be heard from your bungalow! 

Through out the course of Las Piedras River, white caimans can be seen sunbathing on the sandy beaches and lines of side-necked turtles resting on the exposed logs attract butterflies to feed on their tears. Families of capybaras, the world's largest rodents can be seen crossing the river or wallowing in the mud. Early in the mornings it might be possible to spot deer and tapirs, or with special luck even a jaguar. Monkeys are commonly seen from the boat; typically the small squirrel monkeys that roam in huge troops of up to sixty, but capuchin, howler and spider monkeys can also sometimes be seen. Bird life is abundant; species include cocoi and capped herons, ringed kingfishers, pied lapwings, large-billed terns, osprey, black skimmers and horned screamers. Las Piedras has an astonishing macaw population, with more macaw clay-licks than any other river. 

Macaw Click Licks macaw clay lick is an exposed band of clay found in certain river cliffs, which often attracts large numbers of parrots, parakeets and macaws, who come to feed daily on the clay. 

Common species include mealy, blue headed and yellow-crowned parrots, dusky headed and cobalt-winged parakeets, red and green, chestnut-fronted and red-bellied macaws. Other visitors may include white-eyed parakeets, orange-cheeked parrots, white-bellied parrots, scarlet macaws, blue and yellow macaws, piping guans, and chachalacas. 

There are a number of reasons behind the need for clay in the diet of parrots and macaws:- 

Parrots and macaws are exclusively seed eaters, and therefore rob the fruiting trees of their seeds. The fruiting trees therefore produce strong toxins in the seeds to protect them, but the parrots have discovered a way around this obstacle; eating clay which contains kaolin which allows them to consume greater diversity of seeds. 

The clay also contains traces of other essential minerals including salt. 

Macaws and parrots are social animals, so the daily clay lick activity has become a social affair. 

At dawn the parrots and macaws start to arrive, perching in surrounding trees. They squabble, play and groom each other, almost always with their respective partners. When their numbers are sufficient, (to avoid possible eagle attract), they go down to the clay lick in a spectacular display of colour and noise. 

Macaw clay licks are usually most active from July till November, when unripe seeds are the main diet of the parrots and macaws. 

One is able to watch the Las Piedras clay licks from either the river or from our hidden blinds, great for photography opportunities.
 
 
 
 

Pongo Maineque

Machiguenga Center for Tropical Studies, and an Amazon adventure to the Pongo de Mainique. The Peruvian government recently created the Machiguenga Megantoni National Sanctuary to protect 700 square miles of pristine lowland and mountain forests around the Pongo.

A day visiting the Pongo includes viewing 30 waterfalls with a scenic riot of ferns, orchids and moss-covered trees lining the canyon walls to an elevation 3000 feet above the river. Rare Military Macaws nest in holes in rock walls near the main waterfall, "Tonkini". At the base of Tonkini Falls lies a raging rapid held sacred by the Machiguenga Indians, who believe their souls will disappear into the swirling waters for final judgment before being dispatched either to heaven or hell.
 
 

Pacaria Samira

Is located in Peru's Amazon region, 93 miles from Iquitos. The Reserve is a triangular shaped area between the Maranon and Ucayali rivers. These rivers intersect at the northeastern tip of the Reserve, marking the beginning of what is considered the Amazon proper.

The basins of the Pacaya and Samiria rivers have been protected by the Peruvian government since 1940. The area was declared a National Reserve in 1972 and enlarged to its present size of 5,137,000 acres in 1982. The Reserve is the largest in Peru, the second largest in the Amazon region, and the fourth largest in all of South America. (Do you know what the first three largest reserves are?) The great size of the Reserve assures that it will be ecologically and genetically representative of the region, with an abundance of virtually unchanged areas.

There are two types of landscapes found in the reserve. They are the Alluvial plain and the gently undulating hills found in the western part of the Reserve. The altitude of the Reserve is between 263 to 675 feet above sea level. (How does that compare with where you live?) The vegetation is very typical of what is found in humid tropical rainforests and is characterized by great heterogeneity and diversity of species.

There are two main rivers in the Reserve. The Pacaya, a tributary of the Ucayali, flows into the left bank of the Puinahua Channel of the Ucayali. Its length is approximately 198 miles. The Samiria, a tributary of the Marañon, flows into the right bank of that river. Its length is approximately 214 miles. Both rivers follow a winding course as they make their way through the Reserve. Their widths vary from 164 to 495 feet and their water levels vary with the seasons. Low water season is August and September, and high water season is February through April.
 

There are over 80 lakes in the Reserve, the most important ones are the Hatun Cocha, Pastococha, Shinguito, Maldonado, Ungurahui, Yanayacu, Zapote, Yarina, Tamara, Cotococha, Achual, and El Dorado.
Animal and plant life is abundant and extremely varied. There are over 132 species of mammals, 13 of which are primates. The black spider monkey, the orange-chested spider monkey, the woolly monkey, and the howler monkey are all considered endangered. There are over 300 species of birds and 132 species of reptiles.

View monkeys and colorful canopy birds from a strategically located canopy platform atop a 120-foot high spiral staircase. From the Center's observation tower numerous canopy birds can be sighted such as Sclater's Antwren, White-shouldered, Masked, and Paradise tanagers, and Green and Black-faced dacnis.
 
 
 
 

Tambopata Candamo

In 1990 the peru goverment and the support international conservation organizations The Tambopata National Reserve (TNR) is part of a 3.7 million acre reserve in southeastern Amazonian Peru created in 1990 by the national government working in partnership with local grassroots and international conservation organizations, including Rainforest Expeditions this reserve protects the biological diversity of the entire watersheds of the Tavara and the Candamo Rivers and most of the watershed of the Tambopata River.The declaration and the design of the reserve includes an underlying philosophy of sustainable development and conservation of forest resources. 

The TRN protects habitats ranging from the Andean highlands around the rivers' headwaters through some of the last remaining intact cloud forests to the lowland rainforests of the Amazon basin. Over 1,300 bird species (including 32 parrot species - 10% of the world’s total), 200 mammal species, 90 frog species, 1,200 butterfly species and 10,000 species of higher plants are protected within this reserve.

The 1994 National Geographic article on macaws begins with a vivid description of their activity at the Tambopata Research Center clay lick : " When the morning sun clears the Amazon tree line in southeastern Peru and strikes a gray-pink clay bank on the upper Tambopata River, one of the world´s most dazzling wildlife spectacles is nearing its riotous peak. The steep bank has become a pulsing, 130 foot high palette of red, blue, yellow and green as more than a thousand parrots squabble over choice perches to grab a beakful of clay, a vital but mysterious part of their diet. More than a dozen parrot species will visit the clay lick throughout the day, but this midmorning crush belongs to the giants of the parrot world, the macaws."
Clay licks, or "collpas" in Quechua, are simply high concentration deposits of minerals that are hard to come by in the rain forest. For parrots and macaws they come in the form of river bank clay deposits, but mammals sometimes gather around exposed soil in the ground, monkeys lick tree trunks with sediments and butterflies flutter about beaches where nutrient- rich liquids have evaporated. Clay licks are thus a widespread and not so uncommon phenomenon in the rain forest.

Without a doubt the most popular wildlife spectacle around Tambopata Research Center, and the one for which Tambopata is the most famous for is the macaw clay lick, less then 300 meters from the lodge itself. This particular clay lick is a huge, 50 meter tall cliff of reddish clay that extends for about 500 meters along the west bank of the Tambopata River. Although many clay licks are known to exist along the streams and rivers of the Tambopata National Reserve, the one in Tambopata is not only the largest known, but also the only one where Blue-and-gold macaws are known to descend to eat clay.

On many clear mornings of the year, literally hundreds of parrots and macaws flock to the lick putting up what has been described by several well traveled celebrities that have witnessed it as one of the world’s great wildlife spectacl
Macaws and parrots not only come to the clay lick to obtain the hard to find minerals that are only present in high concentrations on the lick's soil. It is also thought that parrots eat the clay to neutralize the effects of toxic fruits and seeds that they eat. Finally, some scientists hypothesize that macaws also socialize and exchange information as they gather around the clay lick. Even though descending to the ground exposes the birds to danger, hundreds of parrots do it on most clear days, creating a racket that is audible hundreds of feet away. As they congregate in the crowns of trees surrounding the clay lick, the parrots spend hours at a time screeching, squabbling, gurgling and purring at each other before they decide to descend to eat the clay. Once they are on the lick itself, they concentrate on grabbing choice spots from which to feast on the clay. This is until they sense danger, usually in the form of an eagle, at which point they will depart simultaneously in a spectacular explosion of color and sound.

Six species of macaws and eleven species of parrots, parakeets and parrotlets come to the clay lick at Tambopata Research Center: Red-and-green, Blue-and-gold, Scarlet, Red-bellied, Chestnut-fronted and Blue-headed Macaws; Mealy and Yellow-crowned Amazons; Blue-headed, Orange-cheeked and White-bellied Parrots; Dusky-headed, White-eyed, Cobalt-winged and Tui Parakeets and Dusky-billed and Manu Parrotlets.